1.
Geophone: a device that measure the arrival of seismic waves
2.
Shot point: is point where seismic waves are sent, a place where explosion
generate vibrations into the ground.
3.
Seismic waves: waves or vibrations that travel through the earth surface,
it is produced by explosives in seismic method.
4.
Seismometer: a device that record the time for the arrival of seismic waves.
5.
Seismic depth: distance between the shooting point and where a wave reflect or
refract seismic method.
6.
Explosives: substance used to send seismic waves into ground.
7.
Geophysics: is the probing of the sub surface from the surface using
geophysical tools.
8.
Schulemberger array: a configuration with unequal current to potential
electrode separation in D.C resistivity method.
9.
Wenner array : a configuration with equal current to potential electrode
separation in D.C resistivity method.
10. Horizontal
profiling : a resistivity method of geophysical mapping used in detecting the
spread of mineral, water, or oil deposits.
11. Electrical
drilling: a resistivity method of geophysical mapping used in detecting
the depth of mineral, water, or oil deposits.
12. Apparent
resistivity: Apparent resistivity is the measure of the earth resistivity
between two point which correspond to the sensitivity the ground would
have if it were homogenous.
13. Seismic
reflection: a direct current resistivity method employed in high coastal
area seismology e.g oil exploration. It is very expensive and not ideal for
shallow depth like ground water, dams etc
14. In
direct current resistivity method, current pass into ground changes potential
due to the difference in the resistivity of the ground layers.
15. Resistivity
is the basics for the d.c resistivity method. Correspondence in
resistivity of a sample within a given ranges indicate the presence of such
substance.
16. All
soil and rock types have their characteristic resistivity.
17. Seismic
refraction: a direct current resistivity method employed in shallow depth
seismology. It is less expensive and ideal for shallow depth like ground water,
dams explorations etc
18. Radiometric
method: is a gamma ray spectroscopy used as geological mapping tool.
19. The
slope of T and X determine the velocity of the seismic wave in seismic
refraction.
20. Radiocarbon
dating: is a method for determining the age of substance containing organic
matter using the properties of carbon -14.
21. Both
seismic method and D.C resistivity method can be used to determine the depth of
rocks.
22. The
basics of radiometry is concentration of radioelement in rocks.
23. All
rocks and sol type have unique amount of radioelement.
24. Half
life is the unique property of all radioelement.
25. The
three element found in rocks are potassium, uranium and thorium
26. The
gamma ray emitted each radioelement have its unique energy.
27. Air
borne gamma ray spectroscopy can be used for geological mapping
28. The
concentration of gamma rays are measured using crystals that scintillate at
contact with gamma radiation.
29. Low-flying
aircraft with elevation of 40-150m above ground level can be used in
radiometry.
30. The
law of radioactive disintegration covering radiometry are
31. Gamma
ray can move several centimeter through rocks and several hundredths of meters
through air
32. Gamma
rays originates as a result of natural decay of radioactive elements.
33. Photomultiplier
convert scintillation to voltage proportional to the energy of of the gamma
ray.
34. Gravity
method is based on the mutual attraction between experienced between two mass
as explained by newton’s universal gravitational law.
35. Failing
body ,pendulum nd mass on spring measurement are method employed in gravity
method
36. Rocks
, soil types and all substance ave their characteristic density
37. Density
of substance is the basic in gravity method
38. The
equation for the determination of the age of rocks is t=ln(D/N) 1/H
39. Magnetic
field method measures magnetic field susceptibility.
40. Thermal
method measures the variation of geothermal temperature.
41. Tidal
effect occur due to presence of heavenly bodies like sun, moon, etc
42. The
equation for apparent resistivity is given by equation.
43. The
1st law of radioactive decay “ atoms of radioactive element are
constantly disntgrating into radioactive product with the emission of alpa,
beta or gamma radiatons.”
44. The
2nd law of radioactive decay “the number of atoms decaying per
second is proportional to the number of atoms presents”
45. The
3rd law of radioactive decay “ particle decay are independent
of any phenomena like temperature and pressure”
46. The
depth in seismic reflection is given by equation
47. The
depth in seismic refraction is given by equation
48. Schulemberger
equation is given by equation
49. Gravity
station is a point where gravimeter is installed to calculate value of gravity
50. Seismograph
an instrument that measure and records earth quakes such as force and duration
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