How Minority Charge Carriers Produced

Minority carriers are not produced in a semiconductors by any “artificial” process. They are inbuilt within the semiconductor.

 In an typical (pure)  semiconductor like silicon or germanium, there are four negative electrons and four positive holes, no majority or minority charge carriers, they have equal concentration.

 To produce a minority carrier, the semiconductor can be doped with either a pentavalent or trivalent atoms, when a semiconductor is doped with a pentavalent atoms, an n-type is produced where electron are the majority carriers and holes are the minority carriers.

While  doping a semiconductor with a trivalent atom will produce p-type semiconductor with holes as a majority carriers and negative electrons as minority carriers.

 Therefore a  minority  carrier are produced through “alternate”  doping( meaning if we want holes as minority carriers we do n-doping).